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ABOUT THE CONFERENCE Inspired by Aristotle, medieval philosophers distinguished between extra-mental beings that are fundamentally mind-independent (“being outside the soul” or ens extra animam), and mental beings that are fundamentally mind-dependent (“being in the soul” or ens in anima). Only the former was characterized as real, dividing into the ten basic categories that Aristotle had established, namely substance and its nine types of accident. How to conceptualize mental beings and mental existence, particularly from within an Aristotelian metaphysical paradigm that privileged the ontological status of the extra-mental, was hotly debated. At the turn of the fourteenth century, the metaphysics of the mental realm was becoming increasingly mysterious, with the postulation of a special mode of mental existence distinct from the standard real existence of extra-mental beings.