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Mononuclear phagocytes, including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells, are best known for their roles in host defense and the innate immune system. However, these cells are present in most vertebrate tissues and several recent studies have highlighted their critical roles in physiological processes as diverse as cold adaptation, systemic metabolism, tissue homeostasis, and development. Unsurprisingly, given these broad functions, phagocytes also contribute to myriad diseases including atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, obesity and type 2 diabetes, fibrosis and cancer. Thus, the current view of phagocytic cells is transforming from that of specialized anti-microbial defenders to an adaptable class of cells with broad ranging functions in complex metazoans. This symposium will bring together leaders in the fields of immunology, cancer biology and tissue regeneration to highlight emerging roles for phagocytes in health and disease and develop new conceptual frameworks to integrate macrophage and dendritic cell functions with mammalian development, physiology and tissue biology.