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The first International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms (ISCM) was organized by Edith Heilbronn and took place in Skokloster, Sweden, in 1970. The latest ISCM was organized by Karl Tsim and Yong-Sheng Fan and took place in Hangzhou, China, in 2013. In between, twelve symposiums have been held on a very regular basis (see below) and attracted significant numbers of participants from all over the world. The principal objective of these ISCMs has been to survey progress in the understanding of the molecular, cellular, pharmacological, toxicological, behavioral and clinical aspects of the cholinergic system, and to bring fundamental and applied scientists together to openly and critically exchange and discuss a broad spectrum of study models and create and/or consolidate collaboration and friendship. It has also been a tradition to publish proceedings, aimed at providing a comprehensive picture of the cholinergic field at the time of the symposium.