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Research on phototransduction has significantly developed in the last four decades, leading to a deeper understanding of the cellular and molecular processes. However, we still lack detailed knowledge on mechanistic aspects related to the primary steps in vision. These include for example the deactivation of the excitation cascade, the recovery of the photoreceptor cell to the dark state, the adaptive properties of the cell, differences between rod and cone signaling, transmission of the visual signal to second-order neurons, intracellular protein trafficking and computational systems biology approaches.