ИСТИНА

Rhythmic variations in climate had crucial importance in the evolution of the landscapes, leading to repeated shifts of their types (zones). The specific pattern of allocation of landscapes of the largest rank as well as the local level is determined by the action of a group of the structural and geomorphological factors. For the territory of Moscow glaciation the distinctive feature is limited diversity of the morphological structure of landscapes as compared to the area of the Valdai glaciation with smaller landscape complexes of the local level, predefined significant "variety" of the forms of micro- and meso- relief. The landscapes of the mixed forests during the Holocene changed their typology four times (taiga - mixed forests - deciduous forests - mixed forests) and changed six subtypes of landscapes. The duration of the operation of each type (private age) averaged about 3 thousand years. The southern taiga landscapes and northern taiga landscapes changed four types of zones with five to eleven shifts of subtypes of zones, respectively. The northern taiga landscapes have the smaller private age – which is reduced to 2 thousand years. Starting from the Subboreal period (Bronze Age) the anthropogenic transformation of landscapes begins, which dramatically increased only in the last 300-400 years in the area of Moscow glaciation and in the last 200-300 years in the area of Valdai glaciation. At the zonal-provincial level several basic types of economic development of landscapes have developed which presented spatial pattern of combinations of natural and man-made landscape complexes. The southern and middle taiga landscapes of Valdai glaciation are characterized by small-focal (dot) type of economic development due to the fact that small arrays of developed lands are confined to high-drained sites - moraine hills and kame hills or remnants of the "flush moraine relief." There are common linear and threaded subtypes of drawings inherent to valley type of development. The combination of the small-focal and linear subtypes is typical for the areas of terminal moraine ridges. The mosaic type of development with approximately equal mix of forest and treeless territory is more typical for landscapes of mixed forests of the Moscow glaciation. More uniform spatial pattern of economic development is inherent to the background type for the economic development with the watershed type of settlement, distributed mainly in the deciduous zone.