ИСТИНА

A cultural landscape, in contrast to a natural, pristine one, is a geographic landscape, developed and transformed by people as a result of purposeful activity. The urban cultural landscape changes most rapidly. In the conditions of a metropolis, traditional cultural landscapes characteristic of past centuries remain recognizable only in some places. Basically, the landscape is transforming, often leading to its unrecognizability. This mainly refers to technogenic changes in the relief and especially to high-rise construction, which radically changes the appearance of the cultural landscape. With the help of pictorial means of photography and painting, it is possible to evaluate in a historical context: relief, vegetation and other natural landscape elements, which are especially well traceable at the present time in specially protected natural areas; composition, diversity, types and changes in the cultural landscape of the city, often absorbing its natural basis (in which panoramic views are especially helpful, for example, the famous viewpoints on the Vorobyovy Hills or Krylatsky Hills); man-made multi-tiered city; historical reconstructions; the appearance of individual historical buildings, estates and cultural heritage monuments; key events in the history of the city (wars, periods of construction, industrialization, sporting events, change of government, political events); ethnographic types and appearance of the urban population in the historical context. The most famous painters of the past who painted Moscow in different historical periods I. V. A. Tropinin (1776−1857), K. P. Bryullov (1799−1852), G.G. Chernetsov (1802−1865), N. G. Chernetsov (1804−1879), I. K. Aivazovsky (1817−1900), A. K. Savrasov (1830−1897), I. I. Shishkin (1832−1898), V. V. Vereshchagin (1842−1904), V.D. Polenov (1844−1927), V. M. Vasnetsov (1848−1926), A. M. Vasnetsov (1856−1933), S.I. Svetoslavsky (1857−1931), I. I. Levitan (1860−1900), K. A. Korovin (1861−1939), V .A. Serov (1865−1911), V. N. Meshkov (1868−1946), N. K. Roerich (1874−1947), K. F. Yuon (1875−1958), A. M. Gerasimov (1881−1963), N. P. Krymov (1884−1958), B. N. Yakovlev (1890−1972), Yu. I. Pimenov (1903−1977). It should be noted that the paintings of painters are not always geo-referenced; to identify the depicted landscape, it is necessary to have certain art history information. Among the contemporary painters who depicted Moscow, one can mention I. S. Glazunov (1930−2017, historical painting), V. A. Paroshin (b. 1950, landscapes of city streets), A. A. Sundukov (b. 1952, painting and graphics, monumentalism, social art), E. I. Dergileva (b. 1952, watercolors of the ancient streets of Moscow), S.V. Volkov (b. 1956, genre of primitive urban landscape), I. V. Razzhivin (b. 1958, urban landscapes), S. N. Andriyakа (b. 1958, watercolor landscapes and panoramas), V. I. Nesterenko (b. 1967, painting in the style of realism). The genre of photography, in contrast to painting, captures the situation on the ground, regardless of the author’s imagination. The construction of a photographic image for its best perception is characterized by certain patterns. Of particular interest are photographs of places depicted by painters of the past. Pictures and photographs are an informative means of studying the constantly changing and disappearing ancient cultural landscapes and contribute to their preservation in the dynamic environment of the metropolis.