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The problem of the passage of a shock wave over a layer of particles was considered. Understanding the mechanics of this process is important because it is one of the stages of more complex processes, such as dust explosions or dust detonations. The setting of the problem corresponded to previous computational works by P. Kosinski and co-authors based on the Lagrangian model of a two-phase gas-particle mixture. In our work, particle-resolved simulations were used. The mathematical model was based on two-dimensional Euler equations that were solved in an area with a variable boundary. An original, highly scalable parallel computational algorithm of the Cartesian grid method was used to simulate the interaction of a shock wave and the flow behind it with a system of moving and colliding bodies. The nonideal interaction of particles with each other was taken into account. The main stages of the process of shock wave propagation along the layer are described. At the final stage of the process, the particles move upward from the surface of the layer.