Аннотация:Three-dimensional mathematical climate models (referred to as general circulation models or GCMs) have been used (1) to assess past and future climates under prescribed boundary conditions and (2) to determine climatic equilibrium responses to component changes. With geographic focus on the Circum-Pontic region, this paper examines the results of several GCMs for periods of extreme climate during the late Pleistocene and mid-Holocene. Climatic characteristics were prepared to simulate conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 ky calBP/18 ky BP) and the Holocene warm event (6 ky calBP/5.3 ky BP). The results yield possible temperature and precipitation distributions for the times in question compared to those of today.