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Integrating the systematic of urban soils into the Russian soil сlassification system: diagnostic tools for urban soils characterizationтезисы доклада
- Авторы: Prokofieva T., Gerasimova M.
- Сборник: Book of abstracts. International Soil Science conference. First divisional conference of all comissions and working groups of IUSS Division 1 "Soils in space and time"
- Тезисы
- Год издания: 2013
- Место издания: Ulm, Germany
- Первая страница: 48
- Последняя страница: 49
- Аннотация: • At the turn of the centuries, the anthropogenic soils became incorporated into basic soil classifications. In Russia, the development of the national profile-genetic soil classification made reasonable the integration of the “particular urban” system into it. The functional approach to the classification of soils in Moscow [4] has been reworked by specifying ‘the central images’, and identifying the diagnostic horizons and properties [2]. The experience of colleagues from other cities was also considered. The data accumulated in the course of research for applied and scientific purposes had to be re-interpreted in terms of the Russian Soil Classification system (RC) [3] with its main concept of the diagnostic horizons and properties and their taxonomic functions. This approach is similar to that of WRB, although there is a certain difference: in RC a soil type is identified by sets of diagnostic horizons, while a RSG in WRB is keyed out by the occurrence or absence of a diagnostic horizons, the lower-level qualifiers are used in approximately the same way. The horizon – properties approach may be applied to both taxonomic and reference-base systems. To work out an appropriate solution the ‘central images’ of urban soils have been compared in terms of their origin, functioning and substantive ingredients (horizons or layers) with the units of the RC. To integrate the urban soils in the RC, the set of diagnostic tools had to be extended. The diagnostic horizon urbic (UR) is the horizon formed synlithogenically (concurrently with the parent material addition) in the course of biogenic transformation of organomineral natural and/or artificial substrates owing to human activities in the settlements. The colour characteristics of the horizon are the following: Value < 6, Chroma 1-4; the volume of artifacts dissipated in horizon exceeds 10%. A particular feature of urbic horizon is the elevated concentration of phosphates, toxicants, alkaline to neutral pH values, and abundance of pathogenic microorganisms. The problems of its definition concern the variation of properties depending on the zonal position and place in the functional zone of the city, share of the material with different properties, age of the horizon. The central image of urban soils – urbanozem (in Stroganova’s system) found its due place in the RC in the order of stratozems as urbostratozem type owing to its diagnostic horizon – urbic, underlain by parent rock or buried soil; the profile formula being UR-D or UR-[ABC]. There are some other artificial urban horizons that may occur in diverse combinations, or may be associated with natural soil horizons (urbo-soils). Urbostratozems may be correlated with Urbic Technosols [1] although the latter have no special diagnostic horizons. One more diagnostic horizon (Rehabilitated) was proposed for the soils in the cities – filled organic-humus and mineral material, with peat additions, produced by composting for the rehabilitation of damaged lands or reclamation of poor mineral substrates; it is almost unchanged by pedogenesis. Its index is RAT (or RT), which means Rehabilitation material in A horizon position with peat – T. There are some groups of soils that may be correlated with Urbic Technosols. Another variant of the urban pedogenesis is soil formation on recent technogenic substrates after they have been deposited. The technogenic horizon (TCH) is a technogenic substrate of varying composition and origin (natural grounds, which have been transformed and/or removed as a result of industrial and household human activity, as well as the anthropogenic ones). The TCH substrates may be combined either with UR and/or RAT horizons, or with the natural humus horizons. The qualifiers may be the same as used for natural soils (g, sn, ca…), and also specific ― ur (artifacts), tch (adding of technogenic materials), rat (adding of peat-compost mixture). So, to integrate the urban soils, one specific urban horizon and two layers were proposed (UR, RAT and TCH) with the derived qualifiers. Two general variants of pedogenesis requiring tools to be described have been disclosed. Presumably, this experience of correlating the traditional (or applied) and new basic soil classification systems may have a broader interest than only for Russia; future research may be oriented to a more adequate qualification of central images of urban soils and their taxonomic position. References: 1. IUSS Working Group WRB. World Reference Base for Soil Resources, 2006. World Soil Resources Reports No. 103. FAO, Rome. 128 pp. 2. Prokof’ieva T.V., Martynenko I.A., Ivannikov F.A. 2011. Classification of Moscow Soils and Parent Materials and Its Possible Inclusion in the Classification System of Russian Soils // Eur. Soil Sci. Vol. 44. No. 5, 561–571. 3. Shishov L.L., Tonkonogov V.D., Lebedeva I.I., and Gerasimova M.I. 2004. Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of Russia (in Russian). English version: Russian Soil Classification System. 2001. Oekumena, Smolensk, 220 pp. 4. Stroganova M.N., Miagkova A.D., Prokof’eva T.V. and Skvortsova I.N. 1998. Soils of Moscow and Urban Environment. PAIMS. Moscow, 178 pp.
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